The Middle East conflict has disrupted hydrogen-based supply chains critical to fertilisers, refining and chemicals, exposing vulnerabilities. While global hydrogen demand exceeded 100 million tonnes in 2025, high costs and infrastructure gaps continue to hinder low-emissions hydrogen growth.
New International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis finds many energy technology supply chains contain at least one weak link, underscoring need to reduce concentration and improve industrial competitiveness.
The United Arab Emirates and the United States have signed a Framework on Securing Supply in the Mining and Processing of Critical Minerals and Rare Earths, on the sidelines of the US Critical Minerals Ministerial in Washington, D.C.
